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Aladdin (1992 Disney film)

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Aladdin
A hand holds an oil lamp and another rubs it, and glowing dust starts coming off the lamp's nozzle. The text "Walt Disney Pictures presents: Aladdin" is atop the image, with the tagline "Imagine if you had three wishes, three hopes, three dreams and they all could come true." scrawling underneath it.
Theatrical release poster by John Alvin
Directed by
Screenplay by
Story by
Based on"Aladdin and the Magic Lamp" from One Thousand and One Nights[a]
Produced by
  • John Musker
  • Ron Clements
Starring
Edited byH. Lee Peterson
Music byAlan Menken
Production
company
Distributed byBuena Vista Pictures Distribution[c]
Release date
  • November 11, 1992 (1992-11-11)[4]
Running time
90 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$28 million[5]
Box office$504.1 million[5]

Aladdin is a 1992 American animated musical fantasy comedy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution under Walt Disney Pictures. It is based on the Arabic folktale "Aladdin" from One Thousand and One Nights. Produced and directed by John Musker and Ron Clements, the film features a screenplay they co-wrote alongside Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio. The voice cast includes Scott Weinger, Robin Williams, Linda Larkin, Jonathan Freeman, Frank Welker, Gilbert Gottfried, and Douglas Seale, with Lea Salonga performing Jasmine's singing voice. The story follows the titular character, Aladdin, an Arabian street urchin who discovers a magic lamp containing a genie. With the genie's help, Aladdin disguises as a wealthy prince and tries to impress the Sultan of Agrabah to win the heart of his free-spirited daughter, Princess Jasmine, as the Sultan's evil vizier, Jafar, plots to steal the magic lamp.

Lyricist Howard Ashman pitched the idea, and the screenplay went through three drafts before Disney Studios president, Jeffrey Katzenberg, agreed to its production. The animators based their designs on the work of caricaturist Al Hirschfeld, and computers were used for both finishing the artwork and creating some animated elements. The musical score was composed by Alan Menken, and features six songs with lyrics written by both Ashman and Tim Rice, the latter of whom took over following Ashman's death.

Aladdin was released on November 11, 1992. It received positive reviews from critics (particularly for Williams's performance). It was a commercial success, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1992, with an earning of over $504 million in worldwide box-office revenue. On release, it became the first animated feature to reach the half-billion-dollar mark, and was the highest-grossing animated film of all time until it was surpassed by The Lion King.

Aladdin garnered two Academy Awards, as well as other accolades for its soundtrack, which had the first number from a Disney feature to earn a Grammy Award for Song of the Year, for the film's "A Whole New World", sung by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle. The film's home VHS release set a sales record, grossing approximately $500 million in the United States. Aladdin's success led to various derived works and other material inspired by the film, including two direct-to-video sequels, The Return of Jafar and Aladdin and the King of Thieves, an animated television series, and a Broadway adaptation. A live-action film adaptation directed by Guy Ritchie was released May 24, 2019.

Plot

[edit]

Jafar, a sorcerer and the royal vizier of the Middle Eastern city of Agrabah, seeks a magic lamp hidden within the Cave of Wonders that only "the diamond in the rough" can retrieve. Meanwhile, Princess Jasmine is unsatisfied with her sheltered life in the palace. One day, she escapes the palace and encounters a young street urchin named Aladdin, and his pet monkey, Abu. As a bond between Aladdin and Jasmine develops, Jafar has the palace guards capture and imprison Aladdin, who learns Jasmine's identity. Jasmine demands that Jafar release Aladdin, but he lies and claims that Aladdin has already been beheaded.

Disguised as an elderly beggar, Jafar frees Aladdin and Abu and orders them to retrieve the lamp from the cave. The cave's guardian grants Aladdin entry, but warns him to touch only the lamp. Aladdin finds both the lamp and a flying magic carpet inside, but Abu grabs a large jewel and triggers a cave-in. They flee to the entrance and give the lamp to Jafar, who throws the pair into the cave. While trapped underground, Abu reveals to Aladdin that he stole the lamp back. Aladdin rubs the lamp, from which the Genie emerges. The Genie grants Aladdin three wishes, although Aladdin tricks him into freeing them from the cave without using a wish. Upon learning the Genie's desire to be released from servitude, Aladdin promises to use his last wish to free him. To woo Jasmine, Aladdin uses his first wish to become a prince.

At the suggestion of his parrot sidekick, Iago, Jafar plans to marry Jasmine and then kill both her and her father, the Sultan. Meanwhile, Aladdin arrives in Agrabah as Prince Ali, but Jasmine is uninterested in his grandstanding. Later, Aladdin takes Jasmine on a romantic ride on the carpet. After she deduces that Aladdin is the boy she'd met earlier, he lies that he sometimes dresses as a commoner to escape palace life. After Aladdin brings Jasmine home, Jafar has the guards capture him and throw him into the sea, where the Genie uses Aladdin's second wish to rescue him. Returning to the palace, Aladdin reveals Jafar's plot to Jasmine and the Sultan, but Jafar realizes Aladdin's identity and escapes from the guards.

With everything seemingly resolved, the Genie requests his freedom; however, Aladdin declines, worried that he needs the Genie's facade to stay with Jasmine. The Genie, offended, retreats into his lamp, which is later stolen by Iago and brought to Jafar. Now the Genie's master, Jafar uses his first two wishes to become sultan, then a powerful sorcerer, and sends Aladdin to a frozen wasteland. Using the magic carpet, Aladdin escapes and returns to Agrabah, where he fights Jafar for the lamp. Aladdin taunts Jafar for being less powerful than the Genie, tricking him into using his last wish to become a genie himself. This causes Jafar to become trapped in his new lamp, taking Iago with him. The Genie throws Jafar's lamp into the Cave of Wonders.

The Genie encourages Aladdin to use his third wish to regain his royal title and legally marry Jasmine. Aladdin instead decides to keep his promise, wishing the Genie free. The Sultan allows Jasmine to marry whomever she chooses, and she gladly chooses Aladdin. The Genie bids the group a fond farewell and leaves to explore the world, while Aladdin and Jasmine start their new life together.

Voice cast

[edit]
Main article: List of Disney's Aladdin characters
  • Scott Weinger as Aladdin, a poor yet kind-hearted Agrabah thief. For his audition, Weinger sent a homemade audition tape as Aladdin, with his mother playing the Genie,[6] and after several callbacks, found out six months later that he had been cast as the title character.[7] Aladdin's supervising animator was Glen Keane.
  • Robin Williams as the Genie, a hyperactive jinni with great power that can be exercised only when his master wishes it. He serves as the film's comic relief. Clements and Musker had written the role of the Genie for Robin Williams, but when met with resistance, created a reel of a Williams's stand-up animation of the Genie. The directors asked Eric Goldberg, the Genie's supervising animator, to animate the character over one of Williams's old stand-up comedy routines to pitch the idea to the actor. The resulting test, in which Williams's stand-up about schizophrenia was translated to the Genie growing another head to argue with himself, made Williams "laugh his ass off", and convinced him to sign for the role. Williams's appearance in Aladdin marked the beginning of a transition in animation to use celebrity voice actors rather than specifically trained voice actors.[9]
    • Williams also voices a peddler who appears at the beginning of the film, whom the directors intended to be the same Genie in disguise narrating the story.[10][11][12][13][14][15] The peddler's singing voice was provided by Bruce Adler.
  • Linda Larkin as Jasmine, the beautiful princess of Agrabah and daughter of the Sultan, who is bored with life in the royal palace. Larkin was chosen for the role of Jasmine nine months after her audition, and had to adjust and lower her high-pitched voice to reach the voice that the filmmakers were looking for in the character.[16] Jasmine's supervising animator was Mark Henn.
  • Jonathan Freeman as Jafar, the power-hungry Grand vizier of Agrabah. Freeman was the first actor cast, and spent 21 months recording his dialogue. He eventually readjusted his voice after Weinger and Larkin were cast, as he felt that "Jafar had to be seen as a real threat to Aladdin and Jasmine",[18] as he was originally envisioned as an irritable character, but the directors decided that a calm villain would be scarier.[16] Jafar's supervising animator was Andreas Deja, while Jafar's beggar and snake forms were animated by Kathy Zielinski.[19]
  • Frank Welker as Abu, Aladdin's kleptomaniac pet monkey with a falsetto voice. Welker also voices Jasmine's tiger, Rajah, and the Cave of Wonders.[19] Duncan Marjoribanks was the supervising animator for Abu, Aaron Blaise was the supervising animator for Rajah, and Goldberg was the supervising animator for the Cave of Wonders.
  • Gilbert Gottfried as Iago, Jafar's sardonic, hot-tempered parrot sidekick. Will Finn was the supervising animator for Iago.
  • Douglas Seale as the Sultan, the naïve yet friendly ruler of Agrabah, who desperately tries to find a suitor for his daughter, Jasmine. The Sultan's supervising animator was David Pruiksma.
  • Jim Cummings as Razoul, the Captain of the Guards. Phil Young and Chris Wahl animated him and the other guards.
  • Charlie Adler as Gazeem, a thief who Jafar sends into the Cave of Wonders at the beginning of the film, but is trapped inside for being unworthy. Gazeem was animated by T. Daniel Hofstedt.
  • Corey Burton as Prince Achmed, an arrogant prince who Jasmine rejects as a suitor.

Production

[edit]

Script and development

[edit]

In 1988, lyricist Howard Ashman pitched the idea of an animated musical adaptation of Aladdin. Ashman had written a 40-page film treatment, remaining faithful to the plot and characters of the original story but envisioned as a campy 1930s-style musical with a popular 1930s-style Genie.[20] With partner, Alan Menken, Ashman composed several songs and added original characters to the story, such as Aladdin's friends, Babkak, Omar and Kassim.[21]: 216 [22]

However, Michael Eisner did not think that a story set in the Middle East would be commercially appealing,[23] and their project was removed from active development. Ashman and Menken were soon recruited to compose songs for Beauty and the Beast.[24] Linda Woolverton, who had also worked on Beauty and the Beast, used their treatment and developed a draft with inspired elements from The Thief of Bagdad, such as a villain named Jaf'far, an aged sidekick retired human thief named Abu, and a human handmaiden for the princess.[25][26]

Directors Ron Clements and John Musker joined the production, picking Aladdin from three projects offered, which also included an adaptation of Swan Lake and King of the Jungle — that eventually became The Lion King.[27] Before Ashman's death in March 1991, he and Menken composed "Arabian Nights", "Friend Like Me", "Prince Ali" and Ashman's last song, "Humiliate the Boy".[28]

Musker and Clements wrote a draft of the screenplay, and delivered a story reel to studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg in April 1991.[22] Katzenberg thought that the script "didn't engage", and on a day known by the staff as "Black Friday", he demanded that the entire story be rewritten without rescheduling the film's November 25, 1992, release date.[29] Katzenberg requested for Clements and Musker to not be heavily dependent on Ashman's vision,[21]: 217  and the removal of Aladdin's mother, remarking, "Eighty-six the mother. The mom's a zero."[30]

Katzenberg also influenced changing the plot element about Jasmine's marriage, which originally had her to be married by age sixteen as required by law, to remove the age — the Sultan says only, "your next birthday" — and make it more specific that her suitor needed to be a prince, which would also set up the ending in which the Sultan, inspired by Aladdin's altruism, changes the law to make it legal for Jasmine to able to marry anyone she deems worthy.[31]

Screenwriting duo Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio were brought in to rework the story,[22] and the changes they made included the removal of Aladdin's mother, the strengthening of the character of Princess Jasmine, and the deletion of several of Ashman and Menken's songs.[32] Aladdin's personality was rewritten to be "a little rougher, like a young Harrison Ford";[22][33] the parrot, Iago, originally conceived as an uptight British archetype, was reworked to a comic role after the filmmakers saw Gilbert Gottfried in Beverly Hills Cop II, who was cast for the role.[34] By October 1991, Katzenberg was satisfied with the new version of Aladdin.[20] As with Woolverton's screenplay, several characters and plot elements were based on The Thief of Bagdad,[35][36] although the location of the film was changed from Baghdad to the fictional Arabian city of Agrabah due to the Gulf War.[37] Because the war prevented them from travelling to Baghdad for research, most of their research took place at the Saudi Arabian expo at the Los Angeles Convention Center.[38]

According to a 1994 article in The Advocate, Katzenberg asked Thomas Schumacher, an openly gay producer, if any of the gay references in the film offended him, such as a scene in which the Genie becomes an "effeminate clothier", and another in which he tells Aladdin, "I really like you too, kid, but that doesn't mean I want to pick out curtains with you". Schumacher responded that such references were in "good fun", remarking that "I know we all argue amongst ourselves, but why try to deny the fact that swishy fashion designers exist? They do! What are we running from? Show me ten hairdressers; I'll show you eight gay men."[39]

Design and animation

[edit]
A style guide, depicting above the characters, and below the geometrical shapes they follow. Notes on design, such as "High hip" for Jasmine and "Broad shoulders" for Jafar are scattered through the page. Atop the page is written "0514 – Aladdin Style"
Style guide depicting the main characters. The animators designed each character based on a different geometrical shape.[40]

The design for most characters is based on the work of caricaturist Al Hirschfeld,[41] which production designer, Richard Vander Wende, also considered appropriate to the theme, due to similarities to the flowing and swooping lines found in Arabic calligraphy.[31] Jafar's design was not based on Hirschfeld's work, because Jafar's supervising animator, Andreas Deja, wanted the character to be contrasting.[42] Each character was animated alone, with the animators consulting with each other to make scenes with interrelating characters.

Because Aladdin's animator, Glen Keane, was working in the California branch of Walt Disney Feature Animation, and Jasmine's animator, Mark Henn, was in Florida at Disney-MGM Studios, they had to frequently phone, fax or send designs and discs to each other.[31] The animators filmed monkeys at the San Francisco Zoo to study their movements for Abu's character.[16] Iago's supervising animator, Will Finn, tried to incorporate some aspects of Gottfried's appearance into the parrot's design, especially his semi-closed eyes and the always-appearing teeth.[16] Some aspects of the Sultan were inspired by the Wizard of Oz, to create a bumbling authority figure.[16]

Andreas Deja, Jafar's supervising animator, tried to incorporate Jonathan Freeman's facial expressions and gesturing into the character.[41] Animator Randy Cartwright described working on the Magic Carpet as challenging, since it is only a rectangular shape that expresses itself through pantomime — "It's sort of like acting by origami".[31] Cartwright kept folding a piece of cloth while animating to see how to position the Carpet.[31] After the character animation was done, the carpet's surface design was applied digitally.[41]

"In early screenings, we played with him being a little bit younger, and he had a mother in the story. [...] In design he became more athletic-looking, more filled out, more of a young leading man, more of a teen-hunk version than before."

–John Musker on Aladdin's early design[43]

Designed by a team led by supervising animator, Glen Keane, Aladdin was initially going to be as young as thirteen, and was originally made to resemble actor Michael J. Fox. During production, it was decided that the design was too boyish and lacked appeal, so the character was made "seventeen to eighteen", and redesigned to add elements derived from actor Tom Cruise and Calvin Klein models.[43][44]

For the scenery design, various architectural elements seen in 19th-century orientalist paintings and photographs of the Arab world were used for guidance.[45] Other inspirations for design were Disney's animated films from the 1940s and '50s and the 1940 film The Thief of Bagdad.[31] The coloring was done with the computerized CAPS process, and the color motifs were chosen according to the personality —the protagonists use light colors, such as blue, the antagonists darker ones, such as red and black, and Agrabah and its palace use the neutral color, yellow.[16][41] Computer animation was used for several elements of the film, such as the tiger entrance of the Cave of Wonders and the scene in which Aladdin tries to escape the collapsing cave.[41] Some of the software that was used was Pixar's RenderMan.

Musker and Clements created the Genie with Robin Williams in mind; although Katzenberg suggested actors such as John Candy, Steve Martin and Eddie Murphy, Williams was approached and eventually accepted the role. Williams came for voice recording sessions during breaks while filming two films he was making at the time, Hook and Toys. Unusual for an animated film, much of Williams's dialogue was ad-libbed. For some scenes, Williams was given topics and dialogue suggestions, but allowed to improvise his lines.[41][46] It is estimated that Williams improvised 52 characters.[47] Eric Goldberg, the supervising animator for the Genie, reviewed Williams's recorded dialogue, and selected the best gags and lines that his crew would create character animation to match.[41]

The producers added many in-jokes and references to Disney's previous works in the film, such as a "cameo appearance" from directors, Clements and Musker, and drawing some characters based on Disney workers.[19] Beast, Sebastian and Pinocchio make brief appearances,[16] and the wardrobe of the Genie at the end of the film — a Goofy hat, a Hawaiian shirt, and sandals — are a reference to a short film that Robin Williams did for the Disney-MGM Studios tour in the late 1980s.[19]

Robin Williams's conflicts with the studio

[edit]
Initially, Robin Williams voiced the Genie under the condition that his voice not be used for excessive marketing or merchandising.

In gratitude for his success with Touchstone Pictures's Good Morning, Vietnam, Robin Williams voiced the Genie for SAG scale pay ($75,000) instead of his usual asking fee of $8 million, on the condition that neither his name nor image be used for marketing, and that his character take no more than 25% of space on advertising artwork, since Williams's film, Toys, was scheduled for release one month after Aladdin's debut. For financial reasons, the studio reneged on both counts, especially in poster art, by having the Genie in 25% of the image but having other major and supporting characters portrayed considerably smaller. The Disney Hyperion book, Aladdin: The Making of an Animated Film, lists both of Williams's characters, "the Peddler" and "the Genie", ahead of main characters, but was forced to refer to him as only "the actor signed to play the Genie".[44][48][49][50]

Disney, while not using Williams's name in commercials as per the contract, used his voice for the Genie in the commercials and used the Genie character to sell toys and fast food tie-ins, without having to pay Williams additional money. Williams unhappily quipped at the time, "You realize when you work for Disney why the mouse has only four fingers--because he can’t pick up a check." Williams explained to New York magazine that his previous Mork & Mindy merchandising was different because "the image is theirs. But the voice, that's me; I gave them myself. When it happened, I said, 'You know I don't do that.' And they [Disney] apologized; they said it was done by other people."[51]

Disney attempted to assuage Williams by sending him a Pablo Picasso painting worth more than $1 million, but this move failed to repair the damaged relationship, as the painting was a self-portrait of Picasso, as the artist, Vincent van Gogh, and apparently really "clashed" with the Williams's wilder home decor.[52] Williams refused to sign for the 1994 direct-to-video sequel The Return of Jafar, and he was replaced by Dan Castellaneta as the Genie's voice actor. When Jeffrey Katzenberg was replaced by Joe Roth as chairman at Walt Disney Studios, Roth organized a public apology to Williams.[53] In turn, Williams would reprise the role in the second sequel, Aladdin and the King of Thieves, in 1996.[54]

Music

[edit]
Main article: Aladdin (1992 soundtrack)

Aladdin was the third — after The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast — and the final Disney film that Alan Menken and Howard Ashman had collaborated on, with Tim Rice as lyricist after Ashman had died in March 1991.[55] Although fourteen songs were written for Aladdin, only seven are featured in the film, three by Ashman and four by Rice.[56] Menken, Ashman and Rice were praised for creating a soundtrack that is "consistently good, rivaling the best of Disney's other animated musicals from the '90s".[57]

The Special Edition soundtrack released in 2004 included four songs in early animation tests and a music video of one, "Proud of Your Boy", performed by Clay Aiken,[58] which also appears on the album, Disneymania 3.[59] The pop duo version of the song, "A Whole New World", performed by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle, which plays over the end credits, is, as of 2024, the only Disney song to win a Grammy Award for Song of the Year.[60][61]

Themes

[edit]

"The original story was sort of a winning the lottery kind of thing ... Like having anything you could wish for would be the greatest thing in the world and having it taken away from you is bad, but having it back is great. We didn't really want that to be the message of the movie."

–Ron Clements[31]

The filmmakers thought that the moral message of the original tale was inappropriate, and decided to "put a spin on it" by making the fulfillment of wishes seem like a great solution, but eventually becoming a problem.[31] Another major theme was avoiding an attempt to be what the person is not — both Aladdin and Jasmine get into trouble pretending to be different people,[16] and Prince Ali's persona fails to impress Jasmine, who falls for Aladdin only when she finds out who he truly is.[62] Being "imprisoned" is also presented, a fate that occurs to most of the characters — Aladdin and Jasmine are limited by their lifestyles, while the Genie is attached to his lamp, and Jafar to the Sultan — and is represented visually by the prison-like walls and bars of the Agrabah palace and the scene involving caged birds, which Jasmine eventually frees.[16] Jasmine is also depicted as a different type of Disney Princess, being rebellious against the royal life and the social structure.[63]

Release

[edit]

Box office

[edit]

A large promotion campaign preceded Aladdin's debut in theaters, with the film's trailer attached to most Disney VHS releases (including One Hundred and One Dalmatians in April 1992 and Beauty and the Beast in October that year), and numerous tie-ins and licensees being released.[64] Aladdin was released on November 11, 1992, in two theaters (the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles and the City Cinemas 1, 2 and 3rd Avenue in New York City), and grossed $196,664 in its first 5 days.[65][66] The film expanded to 1,131 theaters on November 25, 1992, grossing $19.2 million for the weekend, finishing second at the U.S. box office, behind Home Alone 2: Lost in New York.[67] It took eight weeks for the film to surpass Beauty and the Beast as the most successful animated Disney film at the domestic box office (surpassed by The Lion King in 1994).[68]

For its eighth week of release, Aladdin collected $15.6 million and reached the number one spot at the box office, beating A Few Good Men.[69] By February 1993, it surpassed Batman Returns to become the highest-grossing 1992 film domestically.[70] In the United States, the film held the top spot five times weekly and breaks the record for the week between Christmas and New Year's Eve, with $32.2 million during its 22-week run.[71] Aladdin was the most successful film of 1992, grossing $217 million in the United States, and over $504 million worldwide.[5] It was the biggest gross for an animated film until The Lion King two years later, and was the first full-length animated film to gross $200 million in the United States and Canada. Additionally, it was the first film to cross that mark since Terminator 2: Judgment Day.[72]

Outside of the United States and Canada, the film grossed $200 million in 1993,[73] and $250 million by January 1994.[74] In Europe, Aladdin defeated Jurassic Park to become the continent's box-office leader for the week of November 26.[75] It set an opening weekend record in South Africa.[76] By 2002, the film grossed $287 million overseas and $504 million worldwide.[77] It sold an estimated 52.4 million tickets in the United States and Canada.[78] When adjusted for inflation (in 2022 dollars), its domestic gross totaled $491.4 million.[79]

Home media

[edit]

The film was first released in VHS on September 29, 1993, as part of the Walt Disney Classics line, although it was not officially advertised until October 1.[80] In its first three days of availability, Aladdin sold 10.8 million copies,[81] setting the fastest sales record[82] and grossing about $265,000,000 (equivalent to $559,000,000 in 2023) in the United States.[83] In less than three weeks, the VHS release of Aladdin sold more than 16 million units and grossed over $400,000,000 (equivalent to $840,000,000 in 2023) in the United States.[84] On release of the Sega Genesis video game adaptation in November, Aladdin sold approximately 30 million home video units,[81] earning more than $500,000,000 (equivalent to $1,050,000,000 in 2023) in the United States.[85] It was the best-selling home video release until a record broken by The Lion King.[86] This VHS edition entered moratorium on April 30, 1994.[87] A THX-certified widescreen LaserDisc was issued on September 21, 1994,[88][89] and a Spanish-dubbed VHS for the American market was released on April 14, 1995.[90] In Japan, 2.2 million home video units were sold by 1995.[91][92]

On October 5, 2004, Aladdin was rereleased onto VHS and for the first time released on DVD, as part of Disney's Platinum Edition line. The DVD release featured retouched and cleaned-up animation, which had been prepared for the film's planned but ultimately cancelled IMAX reissue in 2003,[93] and a second disc with bonus features. Accompanied by a $19 million marketing campaign,[94] the DVD sold about 3 million units in its first month.[95] The film's soundtrack was available in its original Dolby 5.1 track or in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix.[58] The DVD went into moratorium in January 2008 with its sequels.[96]

Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on a Diamond Edition Blu-ray on October 13, 2015. The film was released on Digital HD on September 29, 2015.[97][98][99] In its first week of release on home media in the United States, the film topped the Blu-ray sales chart and debuted at number 2 at the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart, which tracks overall disc sales behind the disaster film, San Andreas.[100] The film's Blu-ray release sold 1.81 million units and grossed $39 million, as of 2017.[101]

Aladdin was re-released on HD and 4K digital download on August 27, 2019, with a physical media re-release on Blu-ray and Ultra HD Blu-ray on September 10, 2019, as part of the Walt Disney Signature Collection.[102]

Reception

[edit]

Critical reception

[edit]

The review aggregator website, Rotten Tomatoes, reports that 96% of 130 critics give the film a positive review, with an average rating of 8.4/10. The site's consensus reads: "A highly entertaining entry in Disney's renaissance era, Aladdin is beautifully drawn, with near-classic songs and a cast of scene-stealing characters."[103] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[104] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare "A+" grade, on a scale of A+ to F.[105]

Most critics praised Robin Williams's performance as the Genie,[103] with Janet Maslin of The New York Times declaring that children "needn't know precisely what Mr. Williams is evoking to understand how funny he is".[106] Brian Lowry of Variety praised the cast of characters, describing the expressive magic carpet as "its most remarkable accomplishment", and considered that "Aladdin overcomes most story flaws thanks to sheer technical virtuosity".[107]

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone stated that the film's comedic aspect made it accessible to both children and adults,[108] a vision shared with Desson Howe of The Washington Post, who also said that "kids are still going to be entranced by the magic and adventure".[109] Warner Bros. Cartoons director Chuck Jones called the film "the funniest feature ever made",[22] and James Berardinelli gave the film three and a half stars out of four, praising the "crisp visuals and wonderful song-and-dance numbers".[110]

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film 3 stars out of 4, and commented that Williams and animation "were born for one another." However, he considered the music to be inferior to The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast, and claimed that Aladdin and Jasmine were "pale and routine". He criticized what he saw as the film's use of ethnic stereotypes, writing, "Most of the Arab characters have exaggerated facial characteristics—hooked noses, glowering brows, thick lips—but Aladdin and the princess look like white American teenagers."[111]

The film did not go without criticism. In a scathing review, Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine described the film as racist, ridiculous, and a "narcissistic circus act" from Robin Williams.[112]

Accolades

[edit]
List of awards and nominations
Award Category Nominee(s) Result Ref.
Academy Awards Best Original Score Alan Menken Won [113]
Best Original Song "A Whole New World"
Music by Alan Menken;
Lyrics by Tim Rice 		Won
"Friend Like Me"
Music by Alan Menken;
Lyrics by Howard Ashman 		Nominated
Best Sound Terry Porter, Mel Metcalfe, David J. Hudson, and Doc Kane Nominated
Best Sound Effects Editing Mark Mangini Nominated
Annie Awards Best Animated Feature Won [114]
ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Box Office Films Howard Ashman, Alan Menken, and Tim Rice Won
Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures "A Whole New World"
Music by Alan Menken;
Lyrics by Tim Rice 		Won
BMI Film & TV Awards Film Music Award Alan Menken Won
Most Performed Song from a Film "A Whole New World"
Music by Alan Menken;
Lyrics by Tim Rice 		Won
British Academy Film Awards Best Score Alan Menken Nominated [115]
Best Special Visual Effects Don Paul and Steve Goldberg Nominated
Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards Best Film Nominated
Best Animated Film Won
Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Nominated [116]
Best Original Score Alan Menken Won
Best Original Song "A Whole New World"
Music by Alan Menken;
Lyrics by Tim Rice 		Won
"Friend Like Me"
Music by Alan Menken;
Lyrics by Howard Ashman 		Nominated
"Prince Ali"
Music by Alan Menken;
Lyrics by Howard Ashman 		Nominated
Special Achievement Award Robin Williams Won
Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing – Animated Feature Doc Kane, Vince Caro, and Mark Mangini Won
Golden Screen Awards Won
Grammy Awards Record of the Year "A Whole New World" – Peabo Bryson, Regina Belle, and
Walter Afanasieff 		Nominated [117]
Song of the Year "A Whole New World" – Alan Menken and Tim Rice Won
Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals "A Whole New World" – Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle Won
Best Musical Album for Children Aladdin: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack – Various Artists Won
Best Spoken Word Album for Children Aladdin Sound & Story Theatre – Various Artists Nominated
Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television Aladdin: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack – Alan Menken Won
Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television "A Whole New World" – Alan Menken and Tim Rice Won
"Friend Like Me" – Alan Menken and Howard Ashman Nominated
Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation Ron Clements, John Musker, Ted Elliott, Terry Rossio,
Burny Mattinson, Roger Allers, Daan Jippes, Kevin Harkey,
Sue Nichols, Francis Glebas, Darrell Rooney, Larry Leker,
James Fujii, Kirk Hanson, Kevin Lima, Rebecca Rees,
David S. Smith, Chris Sanders, Brian Pimental, and
Patrick A. Ventura 		Nominated [118]
ICG Publicists Awards Maxwell Weinberg Publicist Showmanship Award Won [119]
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards Best Animation John Musker and Ron Clements Won [120]
MTV Movie Awards Best Movie Nominated
Best Comedic Performance Robin Williams Won
Best Song From a Movie Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle – "A Whole New World" Nominated
Online Film & Television Association Awards Film Hall of Fame: Productions Inducted [121]
Satellite Awards Outstanding Youth DVD Nominated [122]
Saturn Awards (1992) Best Fantasy Film Won [123]
Best Supporting Actor Robin Williams Won
Best Performance by a Younger Actor Scott Weinger Won
Best Music Alan Menken Nominated
Saturn Awards (2004) Best Classic Film DVD Release Nominated
Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards Best Picture 3rd Place [124]
Young Artist Awards Outstanding Family Entertainment of the Year Won[d] [125]

Controversies

[edit]

One of the verses of the opening song "Arabian Nights", in which the speaker uses the lyric "where they cut off your ear if they don't like your face" to describe his homeland, was altered to "where it's flat and immense and the heat is intense" following complaints from the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC). The revision first appeared on the 1993 video release.[126][127] The original lyric was intact on the initial CD soundtrack release, but the rereleases use the edited lyric. The Broadway adaptation also uses the edited line.[128] The subsequent line, however, "It's barbaric, but hey, it's home", was left intact.

The film has also been subject to criticism for its use of Orientalist stereotypes that depict Arab societies as exotic and foreign.[129] The ADC has pointed out that the characters in the movie that the viewer is supposed to identify and sympathize with are generally presented with more white features, while the villains are presented with more Arab features.[129] Other people have pointed out that the movie is quite inaccurate in its depictions of Arab societies. The main palace is inspired by Mughal architecture, but many of the clothes are Turkish in origin, and the outside environment is closer to that of the Arabian Desert.[130]

Entertainment Weekly ranked Aladdin in a list of the most controversial films in history due to this incident.[131] The number has been described in reviews as "simultaneously glamorizing and barbarizing the Arab world".[132] The ADC also complained about the portrayal of the lead characters, Aladdin and Jasmine. They accused the filmmakers of anglicizeing their features and giving them Anglo-American accents, in contrast to the other characters in the film, which have "foreign accents, grotesque facial features, and appear villainous or greedy".[127] In October 2020, in response to the criticism and in acknowledgment of racial stereotypes in the wake of the George Floyd protests, Disney added a disclaimer to many of their features, including Aladdin, on Disney+, acknowledging the content as racist.[133]

Another scene in which Aladdin is threatened by the tiger Rajah on the palace balcony was controversial as well. In the scene, some viewers reported hearing Aladdin quietly utter the phrase, "Good teenagers, take off your clothes",[134] which they considered a subliminal reference to promiscuity. However, according to the commentary track on the 2004 DVD, while Musker and Clements did admit that Scott Weinger ad-libbed during the scene, they claimed that "we did not record that, we would not record that", and said that the line was, "Good tiger, take off and go...", and that the word, "tiger", is overlapped by Rajah's snarl.[135] After the word "tiger", a second voice can be heard that can be assumed to have been accidentally grafted into the soundtrack.[136] Later editions of the movie edit the line to avoid further speculation.

Animation enthusiasts have noticed similarities between Aladdin and Richard Williams's unfinished film, The Thief and the Cobbler (also known as The Princess and the Cobbler under Allied Filmmakers and Arabian Knight under Miramax Films). These similarities include a similar plot, similar characters, scenes, and background designs, and the antagonist Zig-Zag's resemblance to character design and mannerisms to the Genie and Jafar.[137][138] Although Aladdin was released first, The Thief and the Cobbler initially began production in the 1960s, and was mired in difficulties, including financial problems, copyright issues, story revisions and late production times caused by separate studios trying to finish the film after Richard Williams was fired from the project for lack of finished work.[139] The late release, coupled with Miramax purchasing and re-editing the film, has sometimes resulted in The Thief and the Cobbler being labeled a rip-off of Aladdin.[138]

Legacy

[edit]

Alongside its role in the Disney Renaissance, Aladdin is often credited as the catalyst in the rise of casting film stars as voice actors in Hollywood-animated films with the success of Robin Williams's Genie performance.[140][141][142][143] Entertainment writer Scott Meslow wrote that, compared with the character of Aladdin, "Williams's Genie is the character audiences responded to, and—more importantly to Disney—its most marketable character by far", which he concluded led to the "celebrification" of later animated films, such as Shark Tale and Puss in Boots.[142]

Sequels and spin-offs

[edit]

Before the theatrical release of Aladdin, Disney commissioned Tad Stones and Alan Zaslove to produce an animated series of Aladdin, following the recently developed one of The Little Mermaid.[144] Stones liked the character of Iago and wanted him in the cast, so he came up with an idea for a followup story that would free him from Jafar to join Aladdin.[145] Stones suggested turning it into a wholesale direct-to-video sequel, as opposed to an hourlong television special, and The Return of Jafar was released in June 1994.[146] The film saw the debut of a new character, Abis Mal, voiced by Jason Alexander, and all of the original cast returned, except for Robin Williams, replaced by Dan Castellaneta, and Douglas Seale, replaced by Val Bettin.

The plot focuses mainly on Jafar seeking revenge on Aladdin. However, this time, with Iago on Aladdin's side, Abis Mal becomes Jafar's new henchman.[147] Aside from a preview on The Disney Channel in early 1994,[148] the Aladdin TV series followed in September on the syndicated The Disney Afternoon block. The episodes focused on Aladdin's adventures after the events of the second film.[149] In 1996, the final sequel to Aladdin, Aladdin and the King of Thieves was released on video. The story concludes as Aladdin and Jasmine are about to be married and Aladdin discovers that his father is still alive, but is the king of all thieves in Agrabah.[147][145]

The Aladdin characters made a crossover with Hercules: The Animated Series,[150] and were featured as guests in the television series, House of Mouse, and related works to those series — Jafar was the leader of the villains in Mickey's House of Villains.[151]

The film also inspired a Disney On Ice presentation,[152] and two attractions in Disney's theme parks: "The Magic Carpets of Aladdin", a Dumbo the Flying Elephant-like ride at both Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort, Walt Disney Studios Park at Disneyland Resort Paris and Tokyo DisneySea at Tokyo DisneySea;[153][154] and the show Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular at Disney's California Adventure Park.[155]

Video games

[edit]

With the film's release, three different video games based on Aladdin were released, one by Virgin Interactive for the Mega Drive, Game Boy (ported to the Game Boy Color), Nintendo Entertainment System, Amiga and IBM PC compatibles;[156][157] another by SIMS for the Game Gear and Master System;[156][158] and a third by Capcom for the Super NES and Genesis (ported to the Game Boy Advance in 2002).[159][160]

The television series inspired another game by Argonaut Games, entitled Aladdin: Nasira's Revenge and released in 2000 for the PlayStation and PC.[161] Also, in 2004 Vivendi Universal released Disney's Aladdin Chess Adventures, a chess computer game with the Aladdin license.[162]

The Kingdom Hearts series features a playable Aladdin world known as Agrabah.[163] In Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories, the plotline is loosely related to the storyline of the original film.[163][164] In Kingdom Hearts II, it is a mixture of Aladdin and The Return of Jafar.[165] The Genie is also a recurring summon in the series.[163]

Live-action adaptations

[edit]

Aladdin (2019)

[edit]
Main article: Aladdin (2019 film)

On July 15, 2015, the studio announced the development of a live-action comedy adventure prequel called Genies. The film was being written by Mark Swift and Damian Shannon, while Tripp Vinson was on board to produce via his Vinson Films banner. It was intended to serve as a lead to the live-action Aladdin film.[166] On November 8, Disney revealed that it had originally planned to use Robin Williams's unused lines from the 1991–92 recording sessions for the film, but that his will prohibited the studio from using his likeness for 25 years after his death in 2014.[167]

In October 2016, it was reported that Disney was developing a live-action adaptation of Aladdin, with Guy Ritchie signed to direct the film. John August wrote the script, which reportedly retains the musical elements of the original film, while Dan Lin is attached as producer.[168] Lin revealed that they were looking for a diverse cast.[169] In April 2017, Will Smith entered talks to play the Genie.[170] Alan Menken said that filming was slated to begin in August 2017.[171]

Production had originally been scheduled to begin in July, but was delayed due to Disney having trouble finding the right people to play Aladdin and Jasmine. British actress, Naomi Scott, and Indian actress, Tara Sutaria, were being considered to play Jasmine. For the role of Aladdin, British actors, Riz Ahmed and Dev Patel, were initially considered, but it was decided that a newcomer should be cast in the role.[172] In July 2017, it was announced that Egyptian-Canadian actor, Mena Massoud, had been cast as Aladdin, Scott as Jasmine, and Smith as the Genie.[173][174] At the 2017 D23 Expo, Menken announced that he would be cowriting new songs for the film with Academy Award winners, Pasek and Paul,[175] while Vanessa Taylor would rewrite the script.[176]

In August 2017, Marwan Kenzari, Nasim Pedrad and Numan Acar joined the cast as Jafar, Dalia and Hakim, respectively.[177][178] The following month, Billy Magnussen and Navid Negahban were cast as Prince Anders and the Sultan, respectively.[179][180] Filming began September 6, 2017, at Longcross Studios and concluded January 24, 2018.[181][182] The film was released May 24, 2019.[183]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Aladdin and the Magic Lamp" was authored by Hanna Diyab,[1][2] and was added to the One Thousand and One Nights by Antoine Galland, appearing in his French translation Les mille et une nuits.[3]
  2. ^ The 2019 reissue was produced under its current name, Walt Disney Animation Studios.
  3. ^ Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution through the Walt Disney Pictures banner. The 2019 reissue was distributed under its current name, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.
  4. ^ Tied with Beauty and the Beast.

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