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Grants Pass, Oregon

Coordinates: 42°26′20″N 123°19′42″W / 42.43889°N 123.32833°W / 42.43889; -123.32833
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Grants Pass, Oregon
City
City of Grants Pass, Oregon
Motto(s): 
Live Rogue; It's the Climate
Location in Josephine County and the state of Oregon
Location in Josephine County and the state of Oregon
Grants Pass is located in Oregon
Grants Pass
Grants Pass
Location in Oregon
Grants Pass is located in the United States
Grants Pass
Grants Pass
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 42°26′20″N 123°19′42″W / 42.43889°N 123.32833°W / 42.43889; -123.32833
CountryUnited States
StateOregon
CountyJosephine
Incorporated1887
Government
 • MayorSara Bristol[1]
 • City ManagerAaron Cubic[2]
Area
[3]
 • Total
11.68 sq mi (30.25 km2)
 • Land11.52 sq mi (29.83 km2)
 • Water0.16 sq mi (0.42 km2)
Elevation
960 ft (290 m)
Population
 (2020)[4]
 • Total
39,194
 • Density3,402.12/sq mi (1,313.58/km2)
Time zoneUTC−8 (Pacific)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (Pacific)
ZIP codes
97526, 97527, 97528, 97543
Area codes541 and 458
FIPS code41-30550[5]
GNIS feature ID1142947[6]
Websitewww.grantspassoregon.gov

Grants Pass is a city in and the county seat of Josephine County, Oregon, United States.[7] The city is located on Interstate 5, northwest of Medford, along the Rogue River. The population is 39,194 according to the 2020 census, making it the 15th most populous city in Oregon.[8]

History

[edit]

Early Hudson's Bay Company hunters and trappers, following the Siskiyou Trail, passed through the site beginning in the 1820s. In the late 1840s, settlers (mostly American) following the Applegate Trail began traveling through the area on their way to the Willamette Valley. The city states[9] that the name was selected to honor General Ulysses S. Grant's success at Vicksburg. The Grants Pass post office was established on March 22, 1865.[10] The city of Grants Pass was incorporated in 1887.[11]

The Oregon–Utah Sugar Company, financed by Charles W. Nibley, was created, leading to a sugar beet factory being built in Grants Pass in 1916.[12] Before the factory opened, Oregon-Utah Sugar was merged into the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company.[12] Due to labor shortages and low acreage planted in sugar beets, the processing machinery was moved to Toppenish, Washington, in 1918 or 1919.[12]

Grants Pass was believed by some to be a sundown town.[13][14][15] The Ku Klux Klan was active from the 1920s to 1960s.[16]

Geography

[edit]

Grants Pass is located in the Rogue Valley; the Rogue River runs through the city. U.S. Route 199 passes through the city, and joins Interstate 5. The city has a total area of 11.03 square miles (28.6 km2), of which 10.87 square miles (28.2 km2) is land and 0.16 square miles (0.41 km2) is water.[17]

Climate

[edit]
Welcome sign in Grants Pass

Grants Pass has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa), and is in USDA plant hardiness zone 8b.[18]

Summer days are sunny, dry and hot, with dramatic cooling at night; the average August high temperature is 90.6 °F (32.6 °C) and the low is 54.9 °F (12.7 °C). Winters are cool and fairly rainy, with only occasional snow; the average January high temperature is 47.6 °F (8.7 °C) and the low is 35.3 °F (1.8 °C). Grants Pass receives roughly 31 inches (790 mm) precipitation per year, with three-quarters of it occurring between November 1 and March 31. The mild winters and dry summers support a native vegetation structure quite different from the rest of Oregon, dominated by madrone, deciduous and evergreen oak, manzanita, pine, bush chinquapin, and other species that are far less abundant further north.[19]

The record high temperature of 115 °F (46 °C) was on July 4, 2022. The record low temperature of −3 °F (−19 °C) was on December 21, 1990.[20][21] There are an average of 51.3 afternoons annually with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher, eight afternoons reaching at least 100 °F (38 °C), and 77.5 mornings annually with lows of 29 °F (−2 °C) or lower.

Measurable precipitation falls on an average of 110 days annually. The wettest rain year on record was from July 1955 to June 1956 with 50.69 inches (1,288 mm) of precipitation, and the driest from July 1923 to June 1924 with 13.43 inches (341 mm). The most precipitation in one month was 20.63 inches (524 mm) in December 1996, and the most precipitation in one day was 5.27 inches (134 mm) on October 29, 1950 – part of a two-day fall of 9.38 inches (238 mm) and ending a five-day fall of 11.26 inches (286 mm). There is an average of only 4.6 inches (0.12 m) of snow annually. The most snowfall in one month was 34.1 inches (0.87 m) in February 1917.[22]

Climate data for Grants Pass, Oregon (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 71
(22) 		76
(24) 		86
(30) 		98
(37) 		102
(39) 		113
(45) 		114
(46) 		111
(44) 		108
(42) 		99
(37) 		77
(25) 		75
(24) 		114
(46)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 59.0
(15.0) 		65.1
(18.4) 		74.3
(23.5) 		83.5
(28.6) 		93.0
(33.9) 		97.5
(36.4) 		102.8
(39.3) 		103.1
(39.5) 		97.9
(36.6) 		85.1
(29.5) 		68.0
(20.0) 		59.1
(15.1) 		105.3
(40.7)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 47.6
(8.7) 		53.9
(12.2) 		59.6
(15.3) 		65.4
(18.6) 		74.1
(23.4) 		81.2
(27.3) 		90.5
(32.5) 		90.6
(32.6) 		83.8
(28.8) 		69.8
(21.0) 		53.8
(12.1) 		45.7
(7.6) 		68.0
(20.0)
Daily mean °F (°C) 41.5
(5.3) 		44.8
(7.1) 		48.2
(9.0) 		52.6
(11.4) 		59.9
(15.5) 		65.9
(18.8) 		73.4
(23.0) 		72.7
(22.6) 		66.1
(18.9) 		55.5
(13.1) 		46.1
(7.8) 		40.4
(4.7) 		55.6
(13.1)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 35.3
(1.8) 		35.6
(2.0) 		36.9
(2.7) 		39.8
(4.3) 		45.7
(7.6) 		50.5
(10.3) 		56.3
(13.5) 		54.9
(12.7) 		48.3
(9.1) 		41.1
(5.1) 		38.5
(3.6) 		35.1
(1.7) 		43.2
(6.2)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 24.1
(−4.4) 		24.9
(−3.9) 		27.4
(−2.6) 		30.2
(−1.0) 		34.5
(1.4) 		40.6
(4.8) 		47.2
(8.4) 		45.7
(7.6) 		38.3
(3.5) 		30.2
(−1.0) 		26.2
(−3.2) 		23.9
(−4.5) 		19.5
(−6.9)
Record low °F (°C) 1
(−17) 		5
(−15) 		15
(−9) 		20
(−7) 		24
(−4) 		30
(−1) 		35
(2) 		30
(−1) 		24
(−4) 		20
(−7) 		12
(−11) 		−1
(−18) 		−1
(−18)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 5.08
(129) 		3.97
(101) 		3.65
(93) 		2.31
(59) 		1.39
(35) 		0.68
(17) 		0.37
(9.4) 		0.26
(6.6) 		0.56
(14) 		2.07
(53) 		4.42
(112) 		6.55
(166) 		31.31
(795)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 0.6
(1.5) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.9
(2.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 17.1 14.3 15.5 13.4 8.6 4.5 1.9 1.6 3.3 8.0 15.8 16.8 120.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.3
Source: NOAA[23][24]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1880250—
18901,432472.8%
19002,29059.9%
19103,89770.2%
19204,2007.8%
19304,66611.1%
19406,02829.2%
19508,11634.6%
196010,11824.7%
197012,45523.1%
198014,97720.2%
199017,48816.8%
200023,00331.5%
201034,53350.1%
202039,19413.5%
Source:[25]
U.S. Decennial Census[26]
2018 Estimate[27][4]

2010 census

[edit]

As of the census of 2010,[28] there were 34,533 people, 14,313 households, and 8,700 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,176.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,226.6/km2). There were 15,561 housing units at an average density of 1,431.6 per square mile (552.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 90.9% White, 1.2% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.5% African American, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 2.3% from other races, and 3.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.5% of the population.

There were 14,313 households, of which 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.3% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.2% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.94.

The median age in the city was 39.3 years. 24.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.6% were from 25 to 44; 25% were from 45 to 64; and 18.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.3% male and 52.7% female.

2000 census

[edit]

As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 23,003 people, 9,376 households, and 5,925 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,033 inhabitants per square mile (1,171/km2). There were 9,885 housing units at an average density of 1,303.3 per square mile (503.2/km2). By 2008, the city's population had increased to 33,239. According to U.S. Census figures from the 2006-2008 American Community Survey, the racial composition of the city's population was 93.6% white, 0.2% black, 1.6% American Indian, 1.1% Asian, 1.2% other race, and 2.3% two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos, who may be of any race, formed 7.2% of the city's population.

There were 9,376 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.5% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.8% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.0% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 19.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $29,197, and the median income for a family was $36,284. Males had a median income of $31,128 versus $23,579 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,234. About 12.2% of families and 34.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.8% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over.

Government and politics

[edit]

The city council has 8 members as of 2019, representing 4 wards and are elected to 4 year terms by the city. The city council and mayor are not paid, and they volunteer their time. The council oversees the city government and chooses the city manager. The mayor's job is to provide leadership and preside over city council meetings. The Mayor can also issue vetoes and make a tiebreaker vote. Grants Pass is conservative leaning and represented in the United States House of Representatives by Congressman Cliff Bentz (R-Ontario). At the state level of politics, Grants Pass is represented in the Oregon Senate by Art Robinson (R-Cave Junction) who holds Oregon's 2nd Senate district,[29] and represented in the Oregon House of Representatives by Lily Morgan (R-Grants Pass) holding Oregon's 3rd House district[30] and Duane Stark (R-Grants Pass) holding Oregon's 4th House district.[30]

Economy

[edit]

The lumber industry was the major employer for Grants Pass up until the early 1970s. At that point the entire region started to see a steady decline in all lumber harvesting, production, and processing. Since then there has been a shift to a large service industry sector covering areas of outdoors/sports/recreation and health care infrastructure. This is augmented by multiple small and medium businesses and growth in marijuana-related businesses due to state legalization.

Arts and culture

[edit]
Caveman statue next to the visitor center
Jetboat on the Rogue River at Grants Pass

Annual cultural events

[edit]

Boatnik, a hydroplane boat race and carnival event, is held every Memorial Day weekend in Riverside Park.[31]

They also host the Josephine County Fair which usually occurs in late August.[32]

Museums and other points of interest

[edit]

The historic Rogue Theatre downtown has been transformed into a performing arts venue that hosts mostly local acts.[33] The Grants Pass Towne Center Association's "Back to the '50s" Celebration includes free concerts, a nearly 600-vehicle Classic Car Cruise, poker runs, and thematic shopping in the town's downtown historic district.[34]

Year round, there are First Friday Art Nights. On the first Friday of every month, many of the city's downtown stores hold art shows and promotional events.[35]

The Grants Pass post office contains two tempera murals done through the U.S. Treasury Department Section on Fine Arts (often mistakenly referred to as the "WPA"), both painted in 1938. There are ten government-sponsored New Deal era murals in Oregon; Grants Pass is the only post office that contains two. The murals are "Rogue River Indians" by Louis DeMott Bunce (who also painted a 1959 mural at Portland International Airport) and "Early and Contemporary Industries" by Eric Lamade.[36]

The Caveman Bridge on 6th Street was built by Conde McCullough in 1933. The through arch design bridge has been a landmark of Grants Pass for many years, and the bridge was refurbished in 2019. The Redwood Empire sign at the beginning of the bridge has also been a landmark for many years, and it was redone in 2021 due to a car crash.[37]

The Redwood Empire sign on 6th Street
The Caveman Bridge over the Rogue River on 6th Street

Parks and recreation

[edit]

Grants Pass has numerous and diverse parks and green spaces.[38] Notable city-run parks include Riverside Park, summer home to the local Concerts in the Park series, and the Reinhart Volunteer Park, a park largely built through the efforts of community volunteers and featuring facilities for many sports.[39][40] In addition, the BLM run Cathedral Hills recreation area on the outskirts of Grants Pass is home to several endangered species of plants, the largest whiteleaf manzanita in the state as well the tallest knobcone pine.[41] Grants Pass is a Tree City USA Community and has been for 35 years.[42]

The city was involved in litigation before the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of City of Grants Pass v. Johnson, regarding an ordinance preventing homeless people from camping in its parks.[43] On June 28, 2024, in a 6–3 decision, the Court upheld the city's ordinance.[44]

Education

[edit]

Grants Pass area public schools are served by Grants Pass School District, including Grants Pass High School, and Three Rivers School District, including Illinois Valley High School, North Valley High School, Rivers Edge Academy Charter School, and Hidden Valley High School. Rogue Community College's (RCC) main (Redwood Campus) is located south of Grants Pass on Redwood Highway with additional campuses located in Medford, Oregon (Riverside Campus) and White City (Table Rock Campus).[45]

Law enforcement

[edit]

The City of Grants Pass is served by individual departments, each with their own respective buildings. The city has a Department of Public Safety as well.[46]

Media

[edit]

Newspapers

[edit]

The Grants Pass Daily Courier is the region's newspaper. The newspaper was established in 1885 with the name "Grant's Pass Courier" and then "Rogue River Courier." After the newspaper became a daily, the name was changed to what it is today.

The other paper of record in Josephine County is the Illinois Valley News in Cave Junction established in 1937.

Radio

[edit]
AM
  • KAGI 930 JPR — News and Information
  • KAJO 1270 — Classic Hits/News/Talk
FM

(Medford and Ashland stations listed by Grants Pass translator frequencies)

  • KDOV 88.1 Religious
  • KLXG 91.1 K-LOVE — Religious
  • KTMT-FM 92.1 Top 40
  • KIFS 93.1 Top 40
  • KRRM 94.7 Traditional Country
  • KBOY-FM 96.1 Classic Rock
  • KROG 96.9 The Rogue — Active Rock
  • KLDR 98.3 Top 40
  • KRWQ 98.7 Country
  • KCMD 99.3 News/Talk
  • KLDZ 100.7 Classic Hits
  • KSOR 101.5 JPR Classical
  • KCNA 102.7 The Drive — Classic Hits
  • KAWZ 103.1 CSN — Religious
  • KAKT 104.7 Country
  • KMED 106.3 News/Talk
  • KGPZ-LP 106.7 Christian
  • KCMX-FM 107.1 Adult Contemporary
  • KJCR-LP 107.9 Catholic Talk

Transportation

[edit]

Road

[edit]

Bus

[edit]

Rail

[edit]

Air

[edit]
[edit]

Grants Pass is featured in the Route 66 episode "Three Sides".

Notable people

[edit]

National Football League (NFL) players

[edit]

Sister city

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Staff Directory • Grants Pass, OR • CivicEngage". Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  2. ^ "Staff Directory • Grants Pass, OR • CivicEngage". Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  3. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
  4. ^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
  5. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  6. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Archived from the original on February 2, 2001. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  7. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  8. ^ "QuickFacts Grants Pass city, Oregon". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 27, 2023.
  9. ^ "City of Grants Pass : Our History". Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
  10. ^ "City of Grants Pass : The Late 1800s". Archived from the original on February 2, 2015. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
  11. ^ "City of Grants Pass : Population and Area Statistics". Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
  12. ^ a b c Arrington, Leonard J. (1966). Beet sugar in the West; a history of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company, 1891-1966. University of Washington Press. p. 84. OCLC 234150.
  13. ^ Van Wing, Sage (October 4, 2022). "Oregon Remembrance Project works on restorative justice in Grants Pass and Oregon City". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Archived from the original on April 22, 2024. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
  14. ^ Maynard, Guy (April 11, 2016). "Just People Like Us". Oregon Humanities. Archived from the original on June 28, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  15. ^ Loewen, J. (2005). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. New Press. p. 410. ISBN 978-1-59558-674-2. Retrieved September 15, 2022.
  16. ^ Camhi, Tiffany (June 9, 2020). "A racist history shows why Oregon is still so white". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
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  18. ^ "Home". Planthardiness.ars.usda.gov. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
  19. ^ "GRANTS PASS, JOSEPHINE COUNTY, OREGON USA Weather History and Climate Data". Worldclimate.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  20. ^ "Ashburn, VA Monthly Weather Forecast". weather.com. Archived from the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  21. ^ "City of Grants Pass : Weather". Archived from the original on May 6, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
  22. ^ "GRANTS PASS, OREGON - Climate Summary". Wrcc.dri.edu. Archived from the original on May 27, 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  23. ^ "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
  24. ^ "NOAA NCEI U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
  25. ^ Moffatt, Riley. Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850-1990. Lanham: Scarecrow, 1996, 210.
  26. ^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
  27. ^ "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  28. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
  29. ^ "Oregon State Senators by District". Archived from the original on January 6, 2019. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  30. ^ a b "House State Representatives". Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  31. ^ "Boatnik Home". BOATNIK. Archived from the original on July 20, 2022. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  32. ^ "Josephine County Fairgrounds & Event Center". www.josephinecountyfairgrounds.com. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
  33. ^ "Rogue Theatre". Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
  34. ^ "Grants Pass Towne Center Association - Association of Grants Pass Merchants and Businesses Supporting Grants Pass Oregon Business, Businesses and Community". Archived from the original on November 27, 2007. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
  35. ^ "First Friday Art Walk ~ Art Night in Grants Pass ~ Artist, Gallery, & Exhibit Directories". www.rogueplanet.net. Archived from the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  36. ^ "Grants Pass, OR New Deal Art". June 4, 2011. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011.
  37. ^ Ridgle, Tyler (December 18, 2021). "Vehicle crashes into Redwood Empire sign". NewsWatch 12 KDRV. Archived from the original on January 27, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
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  39. ^ "Grants Pass Parks". City of Grants Pass. Archived from the original on April 15, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
  40. ^ "Grants Pass Parks". City of Grants Pass. Archived from the original on April 15, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
  41. ^ Silgalis, Alex (October 24, 2023). "It's The Climate – Things To Do In Grants Pass Oregon". Local Freshies. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  42. ^ "Three local towns reach Tree USA milestones". KDRV. March 16, 2023. Archived from the original on March 20, 2023. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
  43. ^ "Justices take up camping ban case". SCOTUSblog. January 12, 2024. Archived from the original on April 3, 2024. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  44. ^ City of Grants Pass, Oregon v. Johnson, 23–175 (U.S. 28 June 2024).
  45. ^ "Rogue Community College". www.roguecc.edu. Archived from the original on July 15, 2022. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  46. ^ "Departments | Grants Pass, OR - Official Website". www.grantspassoregon.gov. Archived from the original on October 21, 2022. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
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  48. ^ "Grandmother Agnes Baker Pilgrim". International Council of Thirteen Indigenous Grandmothers. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  49. ^ Barrier, Michael (July 2014). "Thoughts on Carl Barks's Hundredth Birthday". Michael Barrier. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  50. ^ Neveu, Cameron. "Daredevil Debbie". HAGERTY Drivers Club. No. 66. Doug Clark. p. 60.
  51. ^ Zeeland, Steven (2014). "Foreword". In Dececco, John; Streit, Samuel A (eds.). Rarely Pure and Never Simple: Selected Essays of Scott O'Hara. Routledge. p. x. ISBN 9781317790075. Archived from the original on October 7, 2024. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
  52. ^ 'Former State Assemblyman Of 2nd District Dies,' Sheboygan Press, September 22, 1925, pg. 4
  53. ^ "Grants Pass-Sister City". Archived from the original on August 28, 2005. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
[edit]
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